How to Install a Graphical Desktop for Ubuntu Server

Introduction

When you deploy an Ubuntu server at Vultr, you'll need to perform system administration using the command line. In addition, sometimes, you'll want to install a Graphical User Environment (GUI) to use the cloud server as an Ubuntu desktop.

This guide describes how to install the XFCE GUI and connect to it securely with Virtual Network Computing (VNC).

1. Prepare the System

1. Deploy a new Ubuntu 20.04 server at Vultr.
2. Connect to the Ubuntu server as root.

3. Update all packages.

   # apt update & apt upgrade -y
   

4. Because it's not secure to connect to the GUI as root, create a new user with sudo access. Replace example_user with your desired username. Enter a strong user password when prompted. Then, fill in the other information as desired.

   # adduser example_user
   

5. Add the new user to the sudo group.

   # addgroup example_user sudo
   

2. Configure the Firewall

VNC listens on port 5901 by default, and the connection is not encrypted.

Option 1: Use an OS firewall and tunnel connections via SSH

One option for security is to block the VNC port in the server firewall and tunnel the connection via SSH. If you choose that option, please set up the firewall name before installing VNC.

These commands block all connections except SSH.

# ufw enable
# ufw default deny incoming
# ufw default allow outgoing
# ufw allow ssh

If you already have custom firewall rules and only need to add protections for VNC, run the following command to block port 5901.

# ufw deny 5901/tcp

With port 5901 blocked, you'll need to set up an SSH tunnel. See step 6 in this guide for more details.

Option 2: Use the Vultr Firewall

If you want to avoid the extra complexity of the SSH tunnel described in step 6, you could protect the server with the Vultr Firewall, blocking all traffic to port 5901 except your IP address. See the Vultr Firewall Quickstart Guide for more information.

3. Install the GUI

Install XFCE, TightVNC server, and Firefox web browser.

# apt install -y xfce4 xfce4-goodies tightvncserver firefox

Choose gdm3 when prompted by the installer.

4. Configure VNC

Change to the new user account for the rest of this guide. Do not run these steps as root.

# su - example_user

1. Run VNC to set up the configuration.

   $ vncserver
   

2. Enter a password for VNC connections. VNC uses a maximum of 8 characters and automatically truncates longer passwords.

3. When asked to enter a view-only password, choose N.

   Example output:

   example_user@vultr:~$ vncserver
   
   You will require a password to access your desktops.
   
   Password:
   Warning: password truncated to the length of 8.
   Verify:
   Would you like to enter a view-only password (y/n)? n
   xauth:  file /home/example_user/.Xauthority does not exist
   
   New 'X' desktop is vultr.guest:1
   
   Creating default startup script /home/example_user/.vnc/xstartup
   Starting applications specified in /home/example_user/.vnc/xstartup
   Log file is /home/example_user/.vnc/vultr.guest:1.log
   

4. Stop the VNC server.

   $ vncserver -kill :1
   

5. Make a backup of the default startup script.

   $ cp ~/.vnc/xstartup ~/.vnc/xstartup.bak
   

6. Edit the startup script.

   $ nano ~/.vnc/xstartup
   

7. Add the following line to the end:

   startxfce4 &
   

8. Save and exit the file.

5. Configure TightVNC as a System Service

1. Create a new systemd service file.

   $ sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service
   

2. Paste the following service script in nano. example_user appears in two places. Change those entries to the sudo user name you created.

   [Unit]
    Description=Remote desktop service (VNC)
    After=syslog.target network.target
   
   [Service]
     Type=forking
     User=example_user
     PIDFile=/home/example_user/.vnc/%H:%i.pid
     ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :%i > /dev/null 2>&1
     ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver -depth 24 -geometry 1280x800 :%i
     ExecStop=/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :%i
   
   [Install]
     WantedBy=multi-user.target
   

3. Save and exit the file.

4. Reload the systemd services and start VNC. You'll be prompted for your password.

   $ systemctl daemon-reload
   

5. Enable the service to start at boot. You'll be prompted for your password three times as the system makes the updates.

   $ systemctl enable --now vncserver@1.service
   

6. Reboot the system.

   $ sudo reboot
   

6. Connect VNC Through an SSH Tunnel

VNC is listening on port 5901, and it's blocked in the OS firewall or with the Vultr Firewall if you've followed this guide.

• If you chose to use the OS firewall, follow these instructions to tunnel VNC port 5901 over SSH.
• If you used allowed your IP address sccess to port 5901 in the Vultr Firewall, you can skip to step 7.

Tunnel SSH on the Command Line

This method works on any platform that has a command-line SSH client.

1. Open a terminal on your local workstation.

2. Run this command on your local machine, not the server.

   $ ssh -L 5901:127.0.0.1:5901 -N -f -l example_user 192.0.2.123
   

   • -L : Forward local port 5901 to remote port 5901 via SSH tunnel
   • -N : Only forward ports, don't execute any commands
   • -l : Specify the username to create the tunnel
   • -f : Request ssh to go to the background
   • 192.0.2.123 : An example IP address, substitute your server's address

3. Enter your SSH login password.

   If you use SSH keys, you could also include the `-i' parameter and path to your key, like this:

   $ ssh -i /path/to/ssh/key -L 5901:127.0.0.1:5901 -N -f -l example_user 192.0.2.123
   

4. With the tunnel established, connect to your remote GUI at 127.0.0.1:5901. Then, see step 7, Connect with a VNC Client below.

How to Tunnel through SSH with PuTTY

PuTTY is a popular terminal program for Windows, and it can also forward ports over SSH tunnels.

Open PuTTY to create a new connection.

Navigate to the Session category.

Enter the server's IP address and select port 22, SSH connection type.

1. Navigate to Connection -> SSH -> Auth -> Tunnels.
2. Enter 5901 in Source Port and your server's IP address followed by :5901 in Destination.
3. Click Add.
4. The port forwarding information will appear in the Forward ports list.

5. Click Open to establish the tunnel.

   

7. Connect with a VNC Client

Your choice of VNC client depends on your platform and personal preferences; there are many options available.

• Linux users have many options; see the Ubuntu Wiki for a list or popular options.
• Windows users might choose TightVNC as a popular option, and there are many other clients available.

• Mac users can use the built-in macOS Screen Sharing.app, or several commercial options. You can also launch it from the terminal:

  $ open vnc://127.0.0.1:5901
  

There are many other VNC compatible options available online. Configuring the client is beyond the scope of this article, but in general terms:

• If you set up an SSH tunnel, connect the VNC client to IP address 127.0.0.1 (the local loopback) and port 5901. Your SSH tunnel will securely forward the connection from the local host to the remote server.
• If you configured the Vultr firewall to allow your workstation's IP address to access port 5901 on the server, connect the VNC client to the server's IP address at port 5901.