Getting Started with the Caddy Web Server on a Vultr Cloud Server

Header Image

Introduction

Caddy is an open-source web server that supports static and modern web applications using predefined configuration rules with automatic HTTPS enabled for all linked domain names. Written in GO, Caddy offers user-friendly configuration directives that enable you to either use it as a web server or reverse proxy with other applications such as Nginx and Apache on a server.

This article explains how you can get started with the Caddy Web Server on a Vultr Cloud Server. You are to host a sample HTML application, configure dynamic access to applications such as PHP, and verify automatic Lets Encrypt Certificates on your server.

Prerequisites

Before you start:

Deploy a Linux Cloud Server on Vultr
Configure a Domain name A record pointing to the server IP Address
Access the server terminal using a secure protocol such as SSH
Create a non-root sudo user and switch to the account

Install Caddy

Caddy is not available in the default Linux server repositories. To install the web server application, you can either enable the matching repository packages for your server distribution or install Caddy as a Docker container. Depending on your choice, install Caddy on your server as described in the optional methods below.

Install Caddy on Ubuntu or Debian Based Servers

Install the required system dependencies

$ sudo apt install apt-transport-https -y

Add the Caddy GPG Key to your system

$ curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/caddy/stable/gpg.key' | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/caddy-stable-archive-keyring.gpg

Add the Caddy repository to your APT Sources

$ curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/caddy/stable/debian.deb.txt' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/caddy-stable.list

Update the server packages index
```
$ sudo apt update
```
Install Caddy
```
$ sudo apt install caddy -y
```
Enable Caddy to start at boot time
```
$ sudo systemctl enable caddy
```
Start Caddy
```
$ sudo systemctl start caddy
```

View the Caddy service status to verify that itâ€™s running

$ sudo systemctl status caddy

Output:

 â— caddy.service - Caddy

 Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/caddy.service; enabled; preset: enabled)

 Active: active (running) since Mon 2023-10-09 01:26:05 UTC; 30s ago

    Docs: https://caddyserver.com/docs/

 Main PID: 47047 (caddy)

    Tasks: 8 (limit: 987)

 Memory: 8.3M

    CPU: 38ms

 CGroup: /system.slice/caddy.service

          â””â”€47047 /usr/bin/caddy run --environ --config /etc/caddy/Caddyfile

Install Caddy on CentOS, Fedora, or RHEL based Servers

Install the RHEL Copr repository
```
$ dnf install 'dnf-command(copr)'
```
Enable the Caddy Copr package
```
$ dnf copr enable @caddy/caddy
```
Update the server
```
$ sudo dnf update
```
Install Caddy
```
$ sudo dnf install caddy
```
Enable Caddy to start at boot time
```
$ sudo systemctl enable caddy
```
Start the Caddy web server
```
$ sudo systemctl start caddy
```
Verify the Caddy system service status
```
$ sudo systemctl status caddy
```

Security

By default, the Caddy web server listens for connections on the HTTP port 80 and HTTPS port 443. Depending on your Linux server firewall structure, enable the HTTP and HTTPS through the firewall to allow Caddy to run on the server as described below.

Allow the HTTP port 80 through the firewall

UFW (Ubuntu/Debian systems)
```
$ sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
```
FirewallD (CentOS/RHEL systems)
```
$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent
```

Allow the HTTPS port 443

$ sudo ufw allow 443/tcp

$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=443/tcp --permanent

Reload the firewall table to save changes

$ sudo ufw reload

$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload

Implement Basic Authentication Using Caddy

To protect applications using basic authentication by requesting a valid username and password, generate and set up your Caddy configuration with hashed values as described below.

Using the caddy hash-password utility, generate a new hashed password
```
$ caddy hash-password
```
Enter your password, repeat the password, and copy the hashed output to use in your configuration file. When successful, your output should look like the one below:
```
$2a$14$9eY8yBp9nahGNkdABqwidedy3ySNWkA3CLmVFofJuNKXJxraHSUOu
```
Edit your Caddy configuration file
```
$ sudo nano /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
```
Add a new basicauth / { } section that includes your desired username and paste the hashed password
```
basicauth / {



        example_user $2a$14$9eY8yBp9nahGNkdABqwidedy3ySNWkA3CLmVFofJuNKXJxraHSUOu



}
```
Save and close the file.

In the above configuration, all user requests to the host root / path get prompted to authenticate with a valid username and password hashed by your value. If a user enters the valid username example_user and the password you set earlier, Caddy grants the user access to your web application.

Your edited Caddy configuration file for the Server IP port 80 should look like the one below:
```
:80 {

        root * /var/www/html/

        file_server

        basicauth / {



                example_user HASHED PASSWORD



        }

}    
```
Test the Caddy configuration for errors
```
$ caddy validate
```
Reload the Caddy configuration to save changes
```
$ sudo caddy reload
```
Visit your Server IP and verify that access to your hosted web application is restricted with a username and password
```
http://SERVER-IP
```

Configure the Caddy Web Server

To set up Caddy web server configurations, you can either modify the main configuration file /etc/caddy/Caddyfile or create a new configuration in any location. When using configurations in locations outside the /etc/caddy/ directory, you must specify the configuration file path to successfully include it in your web server runtime process.

Below is the Caddy configuration file structure format:

[host or port number] {



                [directive] [argument]



}



[host or port number] {



                [directive] [argument] {



                        [sub directive] [argument]



                }

}

Configure the Caddy web server with new configurations to serve web applications on your server as described in the sections below.

Set Up Virtual Hosts (Web Application configurations)

In this section, create a new virtual host configuration for the hostname example.com that points to the /var/www/html directory. Within the directory, set up a basic HTML application

Create the /var/www/html web files directory if it does not exist
```
$ sudo mkdir /var/www/html/
```
Create a new index.html file in the directory
```
$ sudo touch /var/www/html/index.html
```
Edit the file
```
$ sudo nano /var/www/html/index.html
```
Add the following HTML code to the file
```
<html>

<head>

    <title>Example Web Application on a Vultr Cloud Server</title>

</head>

<body>

    <h1>Hello World!</h1>

</body>

</html>
```
Save and close the file.

The above HTML file prints a Hello World! heading 1 prompt when loaded in a web browser.
Navigate to the main Caddy configurations directory
```
$ cd /etc/caddy/
```
List available files and verify that the Caddyfile is available
```
$ ls
```
Output:
```
Caddyfile
```
Back up the default Caddyfile configuration
```
$ mv Caddyfile Def.Caddyfile
```
Create a new Caddyfile configuration file
```
$ touch Caddyfile
```
Edit the file
```
$ nano Caddyfile
```
Add the following contents to the file
```
example.com {

    root * /var/www/html/

    file_server

    encode gzip

    log {

        output file /var/log/caddy/example.log

    }        

}
```
Save and close the file.

Below is what the above configuration does:
- Creates a new example.com virtual host entry that points to the /var/www/html directory
- The Caddy configuration serves any available files in the directory starting with index prefix files
- To define a custom file to serve when the domain is accessed, include it in the root directive value. For example /var/www/html/site.html
- encode gzip: Turns on Gzip compression to serve web files faster
- log { }: Defines the Caddy log file to add all virtual host entries

Test the Caddy configuration for errors

$ caddy validate

When successful, your output should look like the one below:

2023/10/05 01:41:02.118 INFO    using adjacent Caddyfile

2023/10/05 01:41:02.119 INFO    using provided configuration    {"config_file": "Caddyfile", "config_adapter": ""}

2023/10/05 01:41:02.121 INFO    tls.cache.maintenance   started background certificate maintenance      {"cache": "0xc0003c8180"}

2023/10/05 01:41:02.121 INFO    tls.cache.maintenance   stopped background certificate maintenance      {"cache": "0xc0003c8180"}

Valid configuration

Reload Caddy to apply changes
```
$ caddy reload
```
Using a web browser such as Safari, visit your domain name and verify that a Hello world! heading displays on your web page
```
https://example.com
```

Enable Dynamic PHP Applications Using Caddy

PHP is a popular server side language used to build modern applications such as Content Management Systems like WordPress, Joomla, Ghost, among others. Configure Caddy to accept PHP requests as described in the steps below.

Install PHP and PHP-FPM if not installed on your server

$ sudo apt install php php-fpm -y

$ sudo dnf install php php-fpm -y

Verify the installed PHP version

$ php -v

Output:

PHP 8.1.12-1ubuntu4.3 (cli) (built: Aug 17 2023 17:37:48) (NTS)

Copyright (c) The PHP Group

Zend Engine v4.1.12, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies

    with Zend OPcache v8.1.12-1ubuntu4.3, Copyright (c), by Zend Technologies

Verify the PHP-FPM service status based on the installed version

$ sudo systemctl status php8.1-fpm

Output:

â— php8.1-fpm.service - The PHP 8.1 FastCGI Process Manager

    Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/php8.1-fpm.service; enabled; preset: enabled)

    Active: active (running) since Mon 2023-10-09 01:48:18 UTC; 7min ago

      Docs: man:php-fpm8.1(8)

    Process: 56156 ExecStartPost=/usr/lib/php/php-fpm-socket-helper install /run/php/php-fpm.sock /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf 81>

  Main PID: 56153 (php-fpm8.1)

    Status: "Processes active: 0, idle: 2, Requests: 0, slow: 0, Traffic: 0req/sec"

      Tasks: 3 (limit: 987)

    Memory: 7.2M

Edit your Caddy configuration file
```
$ sudo nano /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
```
Modify your Virtual host configuration to include the php fast-cgi directive with the PHP-FPM socket as an argument
```
example.com {



    root * /var/www/html/       

    php_fastcgi unix//run/php/php8.1-fpm.sock

    encode gzip  



}
```
Save and close the file.
Test the Caddy configuration for errors
```
$ caddy validate
```
Reload Caddy to save changes
```
$ caddy reload
```
Create a new file test.php in your web files directory
```
$ sudo nano /var/www/html/test.php
```
Add the following PHP code to the file
```
<?php



echo "<h1> Hello World! </h1>"



?>
```
Save and close the file

The above PHP code prints a Hello World! prompt when you access the configured domain name.
In your web browser session, append /test.php to your domain URL
```
https://example.com/test.php
```
Verify that a Hello World! heading displays in your browser tab

Set Up Caddy as a Reverse Proxy

When running backend applications that have special custom ports such as 8080, use Caddy to act as a reverse proxy and forward incoming connections to the application. Caddy accepts incoming HTTP and HTTPS connection requests, then, forwards them to the configured application port. In this section, create a new virtual host configuration that sends a connection request to the Nginx Docker container.

Install Docker on your server if itâ€™s not already installed
```
$ sudo apt install docker.io
```
Deploy a new application using the Nginx docker image that runs on the host port 8080
```
$ sudo docker run -d -p 8080:80 nginx
```
Verify that the application is running
```
$ sudo docker ps
```
Using Curl, verify that the application accepts connections on the host port 8080
```
$ curl 127.0.0.1:8080
```
Edit your Caddy configuration file
```
$ sudo nano /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
```
Add a new localhost HTTP virtual host configuration block with the reverse_proxy directive
```
:80 {



    reverse_proxy localhost:8080



 }
```
Save and close the file

The above reverse_proxy directive redirects forwards all requests from the HTTP port 80 to the backend application port 8080
Test the Caddy configuration for errors
```
$ caddy validate
```
Reload Caddy to save changes
```
$ caddy reload
```
In your web browser, open a new tab and visit your Server IP Address to verify that the backend application handles the request
```
http://SERVER-IP
```

By using Caddy as a reverse proxy, you can protect applications from most security attacks. In addition, for applications that donâ€™t run directly using HTTPS, when configured with Caddy, all responses are served to the user over HTTPS, but requests are forwarded to the backend application over HTTP.

Set Up Custom Caddy Configuration Files

Caddyfile is the default Caddy configuration file naming scheme. However, you can use any naming scheme and in any location on your server depending on your needs. Itâ€™s not mandatory to store Caddy configurations in the /etc/caddy directory, and so, this allows you to keep custom configurations with different naming schemes and directories. Implement custom Caddy configuration files for a new virtual host domain caddy.example.com as described below.

Create a new Subdomain A record pointing to your Server IP Address

Create a new virtual host files directory such as /var/www/caddy.example.com/
```
$ sudo mkdir /var/www/caddy.example.com/
```
Create a new subdirectory webapp within the directory
```
$ sudo mkdir /var/www/caddy.example.com/webapp/
```

Create a new index.html file in the webapp directory

$ sudo touch /var/www/caddy.example.com/webapp/index.html

Edit the file

$ sudo nano /var/www/caddy.example.com/webapp/index.html

Add the following HTML code to the file

<html>

<head>

    <title>Example Web Application on a Vultr Cloud Server</title>

</head>

<body>

    <h1>Hello World!</h1>

</body>

</html>

Save and close the file

Create a new configs subdirectory within the parent directory
```
$ sudo mkdir /var/www/caddy.example.com/configs/
```

Create a new siteconfiguration file in the configs directory

$ sudo touch /var/www/caddy.example.com/configs/siteconfiguration

Edit the siteconfiguration file

$ sudo nano /var/www/caddy.example.com/configs/siteconfiguration

Add the following Caddy configurations to the file to define a new virtual host
```
caddy.example.com {

    root * /var/www/html/

    file_server

}
```
Save and close the file

The above configuration creates a new virtual host that points to the /var/www/caddy.example.com/ webapp directory and loads the index.html file

Test the configuration file for errors

$ caddy validate -f /var/www/caddy.example.com/configs/siteconfiguration

Using Caddy, run the configuration file

$ sudo caddy run -config /var/www/caddy.example.com/configs/siteconfiguration

Reload Caddy to save changes
```
$ caddy reload
```
In your web browser, open a new tab and visit your new subdomain to test the Caddy configuration process
```
https://caddy.example.com
```
Verify that your web application displays correctly and the request is served over HTTPS

Caddy File Permissions

Depending on your directory configurations, the Caddy web server may fail to read web application files. To solve permission errors, verify that the following Caddy user or group has read permissions to the directory:

User: caddy
Group: caddy

Implement the correct Caddy permissions on your virtual host web files directory as described below.

Long list the /var/www/html/ directory and verify the listed permissions

$ ls -l /var/www/html/

Output:

total 12

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10671 Oct  5 01:48 index.html

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10671 Oct  5 01:48 test.php

Grant the Caddy group ownership permissions to the directory
```
$ sudo chown -R :caddy /var/www/html
```
Grant the Caddy group users read and execute privileges to the directory
```
$ sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html
```
Long list the directory to view the updated permissions
```
$ ls -l /var/www/html/
```
Output:
```
total 12

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root caddy 10671 Oct  9 01:48 index.html

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root caddy 10671 Oct  9 01:48 test.php
```
As listed in the above output, the Caddy group has read privileges to the file. This grants the web server read access to all directory files.

Test

View the Caddy web server status and verify that itâ€™s running
```
$ sudo systemctl status caddy
```
View your Caddyfile configuration and verify the configured virtual host directives
```
$ cat /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
```
Output:
```
example.com {

    root * /var/www/html/

    file_server

}
```
As listed in the above output, the domain example.com loads files from your /var/www/html web files directory.
In your web browser session, visit your configured domain and verify that your web application loads correctly
```
https://example.com
```

Troubleshoot

Caddy requires the correct file and directory permissions to serve files on your server. However, you may also encounter Caddy configuration errors that may arise from port conflicts or file errors. In any case, fix the following common Caddy errors as described below.

If you encounter the following Caddy file formatting error:

2023/10/15 04:01:31.709 INFO    using adjacent Caddyfile

2023/10/15 04:01:31.711 WARN    Caddyfile input is not formatted; run 'caddy fmt --overwrite' to fix inconsistencies    {"adapter": "caddyfile", "file": "Caddyfile", "line": 1}

Format the Caddy configuration and overwrite any misconfigured values that could result from excessive space in the directives
```
$ sudo caddy fmt --overwrite
```
Validate the Caddy configuration file
```
$ caddy validate
```

If Caddy is unable to serve your website files
- Verify the file permissions on your web files directory. For example /var/www/html/
```
$ ls -l /var/www/html
```
- Grant the Caddy group ownership permissions to the directory
```
$ sudo chown -R :caddy /var/www/html
```
- Enable group read and execute privileges on the directory
```
$ sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html
```
- Test access to your website or Server IP to verify that Caddy correctly serves the website files
```
https://example.com
```

If the Caddy Service status returns the following error:

Job for caddy.service failed because the control process exited with error code.

See "systemctl status caddy.service" and "journalctl -xeu caddy.service" for details.

Using a monitoring tool such as lsof, view the application listening on the HTTP port 80

$ sudo lsof -i :80

Output:

COMMAND    PID  USER   FD   TYPE  DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME

nginx   130258  nginx  7u  IPv6 1120841      0t0  TCP *:http (LISTEN)

In the above output, the application nginx is using the HTTP port 80 which is also required by Caddy. Stop the application
```
$ sudo systemctl stop nginx
```
Restart Caddy to use the free HTTP port 80
```
$ sudo systemctl restart caddy
```

Verify the Caddy service status

$ sudo systemctl status caddy

Output:

â— caddy.service - Caddy

     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/caddy.service; enabled; preset: enabled)

     Active: active (running) since Sun 2023-10-15 04:02:35 UTC; 43min ago

      Docs: https://caddyserver.com/docs/

   Main PID: 130258 (caddy)

Conclusion

You have installed and configured Caddy to serve both static and dynamic web applications on your server. By using Caddy, you donâ€™t need to manually manage SSL certificates as Caddy automatically generates and renews your linked domain name certificates. In addition, you can add multiple virtual host entries in your Caddy configuration file to host different web applications. For more information and Caddy configuration options, visit the official documentation.

Next Steps

To install and run more web applications on your Vultr Cloud Server, visit the following resources:

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Article

Getting Started with the Caddy Web Server on a Vultr Cloud Server

Introduction

Prerequisites

Install Caddy

Install Caddy on Ubuntu or Debian Based Servers

Install Caddy on CentOS, Fedora, or RHEL based Servers

Security

Implement Basic Authentication Using Caddy

Configure the Caddy Web Server

Set Up Virtual Hosts (Web Application configurations)

Enable Dynamic PHP Applications Using Caddy

Set Up Caddy as a Reverse Proxy

Set Up Custom Caddy Configuration Files

Caddy File Permissions

Test

Troubleshoot

Conclusion

Next Steps

Want to contribute?